Besides the TLR/TNFα/apoptosis/necroptosis pathway as a driver of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease [11, 44], we identified a distinct TLR7/IL-6/apoptosis axis in viral neural pathogenesis mediated by TLR7 upon EV71 infection in vivo. Here, IL6 is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.