SPDL1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Indeed, tumours harbouring mutations in the TDP-43 splicing factor from two non-small cell lung cancer patients have recently been shown to overproduce sPD-L1 encoded by CD274 variant 9 or an alternative splice variant omitting exons 5 and 6, which can act as a decoy for PD-L1-targeting antibodies, thereby reducing the effect of immunotherapy (Gong et al., 2019).