PLAT and ischemic stroke: We administered a much smaller IA versus IV IL-1α dose as dosing of drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) is historically far lower than similar effective IV doses of the same drug; examples of such dose minimization include IA chemotherapy for retinoblastoma [49], as well as IA thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for ischemic stroke [19].