In experiments using primary human T cells, CART-EGFRvIIIΔPD-1 cells were found to produce significantly greater amounts of Th1 proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ and TNF-α) when cultured with EGFRvIII-expressing glioma compared to CAR T cells expressing endogenous PD-1 (Fig. 3a). Here, TNF is linked to glioma.