To this end, we stimulated PBMCs isolated from RRMS patients during relapse and from healthy controls (Supplemental Table 5) with either TDB or LPS and examined the modulation of MCL/MINCLE expression as well as the downstream mediators SYK, MALT1, and CARD9, and effector cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and TNF (Figure 6, D and E, Supplemental Figure 7, D–G) (31). This evidence concerns the gene MALT1 and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.