Phosphorylation and activation of the Iκβ kinase (IKKβ) via UPR and inflammatory cytokine signaling is also proposed to induce hepatic insulin resistance (Arkan et al., 2005; Cai et al., 2005); however, we found no differences in IKKβ phosphorylation between groups (Figure 4c). The gene discussed is IKBKB; the disease is Insulin resistance.