CD38 and chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive: In particular, it has been shown that the malignant cell expansion in CML is maintained by a small subset of CD34+/CD38− leukemic stem cells that may escape immune cell surveillance within immunosuppressive BM niches consisting of populations of MSCs and PMN-MDSCs with T-cell suppressive capacity.18 It is therefore reasonable to hypothesize that targeting of MDSCs in CML may restore the T-cell mediated leukemia surveillance and improve further patients’ long-term outcome.