The elderly are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency,74 particularly when multimorbidity influences lifestyle and substantially reduces outdoor activities.75 In a large study of community-dwelling individuals, low vitamin D levels were strongly associated with anemia.76 Several mechanisms have been proposed, including modulation of proinflammatory cytokines,77 blunted response to EPO,78 and modulation of hepcidin levels,79 but further studies are needed before proposing vitamin D repletion as a possible strategy to improve AE. This evidence concerns the gene EPO and anemia (phenotype).