AKT1 and Insulin resistance: In contrast, after chronic insulin pretreatment, the acute insulin stimulation-induced pAKT Ser-473/AKT increase was reduced to a level of no statistical significance (Fig. 5, A, panels 1 and 2, B, lane 4 versus 3; p = 0.1412) and no noticeable change was observed from pGSK3β Ser-9/GSK3β (Fig. 5, A, panels 3 and 4, and C, lane 4 versus 3; p = 0.4650), suggesting the successful induction of insulin resistance.