KITLG and goblet cell carcinoma: The Genome wide association studies (GWASs) were used to identify multiple factors associated with familial testicular GCC risk including a large number of high risk single nucleotide polymorphisms whose levels were increased; the promoter methylation of several genes namely, PDE11A, SPRY4 and BAK1; and decreased promoter methylation of KITLG (Stem Cell Factor-c-kit System) (67-69).