As expected, we found that participants with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) and NFG, IFG, or T2DM, had significantly lower (S(I) (Fig. 1a) but higher insulin secretion (Φ) (Fig. 1b) compared with normal weight participants who had NFG. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.