DDIT3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Moreover, GA increases the expressions of ER stress markers such as GRP78, CHOP, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF-6) and caspase-12, and co-treatment with chemical chaperone, 4-PBA, significantly reduces these expressions and apoptosis in human NSCLC A549 cells, so it is suggested that GA induces ER stress to mediate apoptosis [659].