MTOR and cancer: In addition, berberine can induce autophagic cancer cell death through increased GRP78 levels and enhancing the binding ability of GRP78 to VPS34 in human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells [148], whilst it induces autophagy through inhibiting AMPK/mTOR/UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK-1) pathway in human glioma U251 and U87 cells [149].