RNASEL and infection: Here, we show that activation of RNase L during infections with either SINV (Fig. 8) or VACVΔE3L (Fig. 9) is independent of MAVS expression in bat RoNi/7 cells, similar to findings for SINV in human A549 cells, indicating that basal OAS levels which are weakly induced in the absence of MAVS (Fig. 8D) are sufficient for activation of RNase L. We recently reported similar results during Zika virus infection of A549 cells (42).