So far, work on mammalian PSDs has revealed functions for C-terminal domains in regulating ARF6, ARF1 or ARL14 during actin cytoskeletal reorganisation and membrane ruffling, tumour formation, axon regeneration and immune regulation (Derrien et al., 2002; Eva et al., 2017; Paul et al., 2011; Pils et al., 2005). This evidence concerns the gene ARF6 and neoplasm.