CXCL12 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: We investigated whether ALCAR is able to interfere in vitro with the expression of TNF-α, together with other pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as IL-6, CCL2, as well as CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 on PCa (PC-3, DU-145, LNCaP) and BPH cells.