In general, DIM patients were older and heavier, and had a higher incidence of metabolic diseases (e.g., NAFLD, MetS, central obesity, DM, dyslipidemia, and hypertension), higher levels of circulating iron (e.g., Hb, serum hepcidin, and SF), liver injury and oxidative stress biomarkers (NO, MDA, and ALT), blood lipids (high TG and LDL-C but low HDL-C), and glucose biomarkers (FPG and HbA1C) compared to non-DIM subjects (all p < 0.05; Table 1). Here, HAMP is linked to metabolic disease.