NANOG and cholangiocarcinoma: To prove the therapeutic efficacy of the CVV against stem cell-like CCA tumors, upregulated mRNA expressions of stemness markers, such as Nanog, Sox2, Oct4, and c-Myc, were shown in the HuCCT1 and SNU1196 cell lines (Figure 4a); hence, we used SNU1196 to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the CVV in the xenograft model.