CCL2 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: To further delineate the mechanism of the polymerized anthocyanin in HFD-induced NAFLD, the effect of PA on mRNA expression of the following inflammatory factors was evaluated: sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).