TNF and Salmonella Infections: Salmonella infection can induce a rapid and robust local inflammatory response in the intestinal epithelium, leading to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-23 IL-12, and IL-18, these last two lead to the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) followed by the production of IgA and antimicrobial peptides (defensins, cathelicidins, histatins, and lactoferrins) as a defensive mechanism to limit the mucosal colonization of pathogens [45,46,47,48,49].