SMAD4 and neoplasm: As with the genes involved in the JAK/STAT3 pathway, 10 mg/kg ajoene extract significantly suppressed the expression of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 compared with the tumor control group (Smad2, p = 0.012; Smad3, p = 0.049; Smad4, p < 0.001) (Figure 3D).