CD8A and neoplasm: In contrast to alum, which is a poor inducer of Th1-associated immune responses [22], Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, i.e., pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), shape the adaptive arm of immunity by recruiting immune cells such as DCs, CD8+ T and NK cells into the tumor microenvironment and bias the immune response towards Th1-type, further activating highly effective cytotoxic effectors [23].