PTEN and posterior cortical atrophy: Therefore, the interaction of the key regulators on AR acted indirectly through p53 and β-catenin(CTNNB1) (Fig. 3C), where the 12 key regulators interact with p53 which regulates GSK−3 and PTEN which are the upstream regulators of AR. In addition, key regulators, RPSA and HSPA5 interact with AR indirectly through β−catenin (CTNNB1) and AKT1 suggesting an important role of the reported key regulators in regulating the functions mediated through p53 and AR in PCa.