To correct for differences in the infection frequencies between cell lines and PBMCs or peripheral CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected ART-suppressed individuals, we calculated the average level of each transcript per provirus, as measured by the ratio of each HIV RNA region to levels of the R-U5-pre-Gag (LongLTR) HIV DNA region, which is present in one copy per provirus (Fig. 1b). Here, CD4 is linked to infection.