Dysregulated TNFR signalling is associated with many inflammatory disorders, including some forms of arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and targeting TNF has been an effective therapeutic strategy in these diseases and for cancer immunotherapy [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23840967?dopt=AbstractPlus, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26008591?dopt=AbstractPlus, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25169849?dopt=AbstractPlus]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and inflammatory bowel disease.