Macrophages are the most numerous immune cells found in the RA synovium, where they produce the predominant pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in RA pathogenesis (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6), together with chemoattractant factors (CCL2 and IL-8) and metalloproteinases (MMP-3 and MMP-12) (Kinne et al., 2007). Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.