Evidences from different groups and ours have demonstrated that the activated JNK/c-Jun cascade is critical for 5K-induced CGN apoptosis, and MKK7 is the direct upstream kinase for JNK activation (Watson et al., 1998; Reddy et al., 2013; Wu Y. et al., 2017). The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is childhood gender nonconformity.