NFKB1 and Huntington disease: In HD, the degenerating neurons, activated microglia, pericytes, endothelial cell and astrocytes release molecules that activate astrocytic intracellular signaling pathways such as the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), NF-κB mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and calcineurin (CN).