PAI-1 is significantly increased in DM subjects compared with non-DM subjects with or without cardiovascular disease (Scarabin et al., 1998; Bonora, 2006; Al-Hamodi et al., 2011; Costa and Soares, 2013; Gorska-Ciebiada et al., 2016). The gene discussed is SERPINE1; the disease is cardiovascular disorder.