For example, differences in the global demethylation pattern of induced pluripotent stem cells have been observed between males and females,78 and it is well established that HPV modifies the epigenetic landscape of host cells by upregulating DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1).79,80 Furthermore, Hurst et al.81 identified a sex-associated mutation within the KDM6A gene, which encodes lysine demethylase 6A, in bladder tumours, with a higher mutation frequency in females than in males, painting a gender-specific epigenetic landscape. This evidence concerns the gene DNMT1 and urinary bladder neoplasm.