However, actionable biomarkers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), PI3K pathway components and possible oncogene abnormalities, are currently being studied by many laboratories in different countries to provide mechanistic evidence for future potential targeted therapy, which can benefit subgroups of both HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC patients. The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.