Elevated serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1Beta (IL-1Beta), IL-6 and TNF-alpha, which are typical in HF, were significantly reduced by treatment with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a substance that strongly inhibits the TGF-Beta1/Smad3 signalling pathway [58]. Here, TNF is linked to hydrops fetalis.