Tumour-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes are usually beneficial to the host as they initiate cytotoxic cascades against tumour cells; CD4+ T helper 1 cells are associated with good outcomes, whereas CD4+ T helper 2 and FOXP3+ T regulatory cells are immunosuppressive [6, 9]; B lymphocytes are often associated with a good prognosis, but an immunosuppressive B cell population has also been described [4, 49, 59, 69]. Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.