CSF1 and neoplasm: TAM-targeting strategies (e.g. TAM depletion/reprogramming/targeting functional molecules) have been proposed to enhance the efficacy of ICB.95 Targeting TAMs with CSF1 inhibitors leads to decreased TAM infiltration, reduced tumor growth, reduced metastases and prolonged survival in a breast cancer xenograft mouse model.92 There are multiple ongoing trials involving CSF1/CSF1R-targeting agents in breast cancer as monotherapy (NCT02265536) and in combination with chemotherapies (NCT01596751; NCT02435680).