TGFB1 and breast cancer: Many breast cancers exhibit an inflammatory signature within the TME, which is associated with poor clinical outcomes.35,36 Decreased antitumor responses are due to (1) the release of immunosuppressive cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL10, IL-13, IL-33, IL-35, IL-37, and TGF-β), (2) the recruitment of cells with immunosuppressive effects like Tregs, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) or (3) the lack of recruitment of cells with immunomodulatory effects like CD8+ T-cells, NK cells and DCs.