The activation of AT1R by Ang II triggers multiple signaling pathways, including the PI3K/AKT, MAPKs, NADPH oxidase, and TGF-β/Smad pathways, which stimulate atrial fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, leading to AF inducibility [4, 20]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is atrial fibrillation.