NOD2 and inflammatory bowel disease: Current knowledge on IBD indicates there are genetic contributions such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) mutations which affect downstream NF-κB signalling (key protein complex for immune cell activation) in myeloid immune cells125 or autophagy related 16 like 1 (ATG16L1) mutations, which alter the autophagosome pathway used to process intracellular pathogens126.