ALCAM and lung cancer: Similar links to cellular localization have also been implicated in lung cancer, where membranous ALCAM expression, but not cytoplasmic, associated with shortened overall survival [25], oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) where cytoplasmic accumulation of ALCAM was indicative of poor patient prognosis [26] and pancreatic cancer, where cytoplasmic ALCAM expression in cancer cells was observed compared to membranous expression in normal cells and increased ALCAM expression was linked to adverse recurrence free and overall survival rates [27].