AFF3 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: For instance, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Ucp2 have been linked to decreased GFR in type 1 diabetic patients (T1D)38, SNPs in the Arhgap24 gene are associated with the focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)31,39, SNPs in the AF4/FMR2 Family Member 3 (Aff3) gene are associated with diabetic end stage renal disease (ESRD) in T1D patients40 and, Ctsl levels show strong positive correlation with proteinuria in chronic kidney disease (CKD)32.