For instance, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Ucp2 have been linked to decreased GFR in type 1 diabetic patients (T1D)38, SNPs in the Arhgap24 gene are associated with the focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)31,39, SNPs in the AF4/FMR2 Family Member 3 (Aff3) gene are associated with diabetic end stage renal disease (ESRD) in T1D patients40 and, Ctsl levels show strong positive correlation with proteinuria in chronic kidney disease (CKD)32. Here, AFF1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.