CD40LG and neoplasm: Whereas upon rMVA-CD40L immunization the percentage of NK cells among tumor leukocytes was decreased compared with PBS treatment (Fig. 4d), the expression of CD69 and IFN-γ was significantly increased in tumor-infiltrating NK cells after immunization (Fig. 4e, f), suggesting that therapeutic administration of rMVA-CD40L promotes NK cell activation in the tumor.