Although a number of autophagy-targeted interventions such as Lys05, HSF1/ATG4B knockdown, and ADCX have been reported to sensitize HCC cells to doxorubicin11–13, clinically beneficial autophagy modulations against doxorubicin resistance in HCC patients are still rare and need further exploration. Here, HSF1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.