ULK1 and Cowden disease: We observed a significant decrease of the ratio p-ULK-1 on Ser757/total ULK-1, within macrophages from CD patients following AIEC infection compared to uninfected macrophages (p < 0.0001), UC patients (p = 0.0212) and healthy volunteers (p = 0.0186), highlighting the induction of autophagy in MDM from CD patients (Figure 4C).