An unusually high expression of TYK2 associated with or causative for carcinogenesis (reviewed [35]) was described for various cancer cell lines and samples from patients suffering from prostate [36,37], ovarian [38], cervical [39], and breast cancer [40,41], as well as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) [42,43]. This evidence concerns the gene TYK2 and breast cancer.