TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Increased circulating levels of IL32 in human obesity and obesity-associated diabetes decrease after weight loss and are also closely associated with inflammatory cytokines such as IL1β, interferon (IFN)γ, or TNFα, which induce the expression of IL32 and, in turn, IL32 also stimulates IL8, IL6, IL1β, and TNFα production.