TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In a previous study [9] we observed that the control or vehicle treated T2DM male mice and testosterone treated T2DM male mice did not show any significant change (p-value> 0.1) in the serum levels of the key glucose homeostatic hormones and cytokines like insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, leptin, GLP-1 Il-6, MCP-1 and TNFα; and thus, the testosterone mediated improvement in glycemic control in T2DM male mice is due to the alteration in signaling pathways in the tissues involved in glycemic control.