CD274 and neoplasm: Furthermore, it is hypothesized that ICI plus chemotherapy (ICI‐chemotherapy) might exhibit synergistical effects on survival benefits because the antitumor activity could be mediated by the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy and the immunological effects of ICI therapies (e.g., chemotherapy could induce PD‐L1 expression on tumor cells and infiltrating immune cells therefore enhancing the therapeutic effects of ICI therapies; Havel, Chowell, & Chan, 2019).