CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Therefore, in this study, we concluded that PD‐L1 alone was not an ideal predictive biomarker for survival benefits of advanced patients with NSCLC from immunotherapy because of the unclear function and regulation of PD‐1 pathway and technical limitations including: archived or fresh tissue for PD‐L1 testing, optimal antibody (22C3, 28‐8, SP142, or SP263) and when to conduct PD‐L1 testing or whether to retest PD‐L1 expression (Brahmer et al., 2018; Shen & Zhao, 2018).