We found that the anti‐PD‐1 therapy appeared to illicit greater treatment benefits compared with the anti‐PD‐L1 therapy, which is consistent with the previous hypothesis that NSCLC patients with anti‐PD‐1 therapy are more likely to experience prolonged survival and a more tolerable safety prolife than anti‐PD‐L1 therapy (Brahmer et al., 2018; Wei et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2018). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.