TNF and cancer: Besides the well-known inflammatory signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, we found that the pathway associated with a transcriptional misregulation in cancer, Janus kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/Stat) pathway, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, had also been increased.