GSTM1 and anemia (phenotype): This is not only because majority of women in our study initiated ANC either in the second or third trimester, but also because late ANC initiation means that many of the interventions and services routinely offered to pregnant women at ANC clinics to prevent anaemia in pregnancy such as IFA supplementation, provision of LLINs, and IPT dosing, as well as laboratory investigations (e.g. Hb check and stool tests) to diagnose early anaemia in pregnancy and offer early treatment, are delayed for such women.