MSC administration significantly suppressed chemically induced HCC by inhibiting the Wnt and NF‐kB signalling pathways.36, 37 In contrast, MSCs were shown to promote tumour growth and metastasis in HCC patients by supporting angiogenesis and modulating the immune response in vivo.38 MSCs also contribute to the acceleration of HCC metastasis via the induction of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), which further contributes to shortening the overall survival of HCC patients.39 This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.