Decreased hepatic citrate synthase abundance and activity is associated with insulin resistance in male obese rats (Rector et al. 2010); therefore, the current decrease in hepatic citrate synthase abundance helps explain the decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and enhanced gluconeogenesis of LP2 offspring observed in our previous studies (Sohi et al. 2013, Vo et al. 2013). This evidence concerns the gene CS and Insulin resistance.