It is already known that higher levels of PAI-1 could confer a risk for the development of cardiovascular disease and SLE; moreover, different reports supported the relationship existing between the A allele and AA genotype with superior amounts of protein with respect to MS; high levels of PAI-1 could be associated with a good outcome; this could be an explanation why we did not find an association between this polymorphism and MS. The gene discussed is SERPINE1; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.