The co-infected cases expressed a significantly higher plasma level of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 (37.78, 127.5, and 205.3 pg/ml) than malaria (P = 0.0132, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001), but no significant difference with HAT (P > 0.9999, P = 0.8151, and P = 0.4213) (Fig. 4a, c, d) respectively. Here, IFNG is linked to malaria.