In contrast, high levels of phosphorylated STAT3 is associated with reduced survival rates in glioblastoma (Birner et al., 2010) and renal cancer (Horiguchi et al., 2002), which independently corroborates our findings on the tumor-promoting effects of JAK-STAT signaling in these cancer types (Figs. 2 and 3). Here, STAT3 is linked to cancer.